Tax planning is the process of determining when, whether, and how to conduct business and personal transactions to defer, reduce or eliminate tax liability.
Many small business owners ignore tax planning. They don't even think about their taxes until it's time to meet with their accountants. But tax planning is an ongoing process, and good tax advice is a valuable commodity. It is to your benefit to review your income and expenses monthly and meet with your CPA or tax advisor quarterly to analyze how you can take full advantage of the tax credits, deductions and other breaks that are legally available to you.
Tax Avoidance vs. Tax Evasion
Although tax avoidance planning is legal, tax evasion - reducing the amount of tax owed through deceit, fraud, or concealment - is not. Frequently what sets tax evasion apart from tax avoidance is the IRS's finding that there was fraudulent intent on the part of the business owner. The following are four of the areas the IRS examiners commonly focus on as pointing to possible fraud:
Tax Planning Strategies
Countless tax planning strategies are available to small business owners. Some tax strategies target the owner's individual tax situation, and others target the business itself. Regardless of how simple or how complex a tax strategy is, its intention will be to accomplish one or more of these often-overlapping goals:
To plan effectively, you'll need to estimate your personal and business income for the next few years. Many tax planning strategies will save tax dollars at one income level but create a larger tax bill at other income levels. You will want to avoid having the "right" tax plan made "wrong" by erroneous income projections. Once you know your approximate income, you can take the next step: estimating your tax bracket.
You should already be projecting your sales revenues, income, and cash flow for general business planning purposes. The better your estimates are, the better the odds that your tax planning efforts will succeed.
Business Meal and Entertainment Expenses
Business meal expenses are legitimate deductions that can lower your tax bill and save you money, provided you follow certain guidelines. Business must be discussed before, during, or after the meal to qualify as a deduction. Furthermore, the surroundings must be conducive to a business discussion. For instance, a small, quiet restaurant would be an ideal location for a business dinner. A nightclub would not.
Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, the deduction remains at 50 percent for taxpayers who incur food and beverage expenses associated with operating a trade or business. Employee meals while on business travel also remain deductible at 50 percent. For tax years 2018 through 2025, the 50 percent deduction expands to include expenses incurred for meals furnished to employees for the employer's convenience. Amounts after 2025 are not deductible, however.
Under the TCJA, the deduction for business entertainment expenses was eliminated.
Important Business Automobile Deductions
If you use your car for business, such as visiting clients or going to business meetings away from your regular workplace, you may be able to take certain deductions for the cost of operating and maintaining your vehicle. You can deduct car expenses by taking either the standard mileage rate or using actual expenses. The mileage reimbursement rate for 2024 is 67 cents per business mile.
If you own two cars, another way to increase deductions is to include both cars in your deductions. This deduction works because business miles driven is determined by business use. To figure business use, divide the business miles driven by the total miles driven. This strategy can result in significant deductions. Whichever method you decide to use to take the deduction, always keep accurate records such as a mileage log and receipts.
Depreciation-Related Deductions
Section 179 expensing for tax year 2024 allows you to immediately deduct, rather than depreciate over time, $1,220,000 of the first $3,050,000 of qualifying equipment placed in service during the current tax year. Equipment can be new or used and includes certain software. All depreciable equipment in a home office meets the qualification. Indexed to inflation for tax years after 2018, the deduction was enhanced under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 to include improvements to nonresidential qualified real property such as roofs, fire protection, alarm systems, security systems, and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems.
Businesses with eligible property placed in service after September 27, 2017, and before January 1, 2023, were allowed to deduct 100 percent of the cost immediately. This first-year bonus depreciation is being phased downward over four years: 80 percent in 2023, 60 percent in 2024, 40 percent in 2025, and 20 percent in 2026.
These are just a few of the tax breaks that may be available to you as a business owner. Consider meeting with a tax professional to learn about more tax-savings strategies for small businesses.
This Content is for informational purposes only. Nothing contained herein constitutes accounting, tax, financial, investment, legal or other professional advice, and, accordingly, the author and the distributor assume no liability whatsoever in connection with its use. This Content is not an exhaustive explanation of any topic, practice or process. You should seek the advice of a licensed professional before making any accounting, tax, financial, investment or legal decision.
One of the biggest hurdles you'll face in running your own business is staying on top of your numerous obligations to federal, state, and local tax agencies. Tax codes seem to be in a constant state of flux, making the Internal Revenue Code barely understandable to most people.
The old legal saying that "ignorance of the law is no excuse" is perhaps most often applied in tax settings. It is safe to assume that a tax auditor presenting an assessment of additional taxes, penalties, and interest will not look kindly on an "I didn't know I was required to do that" claim. On the flip side, it is surprising how many small businesses overpay their taxes, neglecting to take deductions they're legally entitled to that can help them lower their tax bill.
Preparing your taxes and strategizing as to how to keep more of your hard-earned dollars in your pocket becomes increasingly difficult with each passing year. Your best course of action to save time, frustration, money, and an auditor knocking on your door, is to have a professional accountant handle your taxes.
Tax professionals have years of experience with tax preparation, religiously attend tax seminars, read scores of journals, magazines, and monthly tax tips, among other things, to correctly interpret the changing tax code.
When it comes to tax planning for small businesses, the complexity of tax law generates a lot of folklore and misinformation that also leads to costly mistakes. With that in mind, here is a look at some of the more common small business tax misperceptions.
1. All Start-up Costs Are Immediately Deductible
Business start-up costs refer to expenses incurred before you begin operating your business. Business start-up costs include both start-up and organizational costs and vary depending on the type of business. Examples of these types of costs include advertising, travel, surveys, and training. These start-up and organizational costs are generally called capital expenditures.
Costs for a particular asset (such as machinery or office equipment) are recovered through depreciation or Section 179 expensing. When you start a business, you can elect to deduct or amortize certain business start-up costs.
You can elect to deduct up to $5,000 of business start-up and $5,000 of organizational costs paid or incurred; however, the $5,000 deduction is reduced by the amount your total start-up or organizational costs exceed $50,000, and any remaining costs must be amortized.
2. Overpaying the IRS Makes You "Audit Proof"
The IRS doesn't care if you pay the right amount of taxes or overpay your taxes. They do care if you pay less than you owe and you can't substantiate your deductions. Even if you overpay in one area, the IRS will still hit you with interest and penalties if you underpay in another. It is never a good idea to knowingly or unknowingly overpay the IRS. The best way to "Audit Proof" yourself is to properly document your expenses and make sure you are getting good advice from your tax accountant.
3. You Can Take More Deductions if You Are Incorporated
Self-employed individuals (sole proprietors and S Corps) qualify for many of the same deductions that incorporated businesses do, and for many small businesses, being incorporated is an unnecessary expense and burden. Start-ups can spend thousands of dollars in legal and accounting fees setting up a corporation, only to discover soon thereafter that they need to change their name or move the company in a different direction. In addition, plenty of small business owners who incorporate don't make money for the first few years and find themselves saddled with minimum corporate tax payments and no income.
4. The Home Office Deduction Is a Red Flag for an Audit
While it used to be a red flag, this is no longer true as long as you keep excellent records that satisfy IRS requirements. Because of the proliferation of home offices, tax officials cannot possibly audit all tax returns containing the home office deduction. In other words, there is no need to fear an audit just because you take the home office deduction. A high deduction-to-income ratio, however, may raise a red flag and lead to an audit.
5. Business Expenses Are Not Deductible if You Don't Take the Home Office Deduction
You are still eligible to take deductions for business supplies, business-related phone bills, travel expenses, printing, wages paid to employees or contract workers, depreciation of equipment used for your business, and other expenses related to running a home-based business, whether or not you take the home office deduction.
Tax reform legislation passed in 2017 repealed certain itemized deductions on Schedule A, Itemized Deductions of Form 1040 for tax years 2018 through 2025, including employee business expense deductions related to home office use.
6. Requesting an Extension on Your Taxes Is an Extension To Pay Taxes
Extensions enable you to extend your filing date only. Penalties and interest begin accruing from the date your taxes are due.
7. Part-Time Business Owners Cannot Set Up Self-Employed Pension Plans
If you start up a company while you have a salaried position complete with a 401K plan, you can still set up a SEP-IRA for your business and take the deduction.
Understanding how the tax system works is beneficial to any business owner, whether you run a small to medium-sized business or are a sole proprietor. Whether it is a missed payment or filing deadline, an improperly claimed deduction, or incomplete records, a tax headache is only one mistake away. Furthermore, even if you delegate the tax preparation to someone else, you are still liable for the accuracy of your tax returns.
This Content is for informational purposes only. Nothing contained herein constitutes accounting, tax, financial, investment, legal or other professional advice, and, accordingly, the author and the distributor assume no liability whatsoever in connection with its use. This Content is not an exhaustive explanation of any topic, practice or process. You should seek the advice of a licensed professional before making any accounting, tax, financial, investment or legal decision.
Don't overpay your income taxes by overlooking expenses that you are entitled to deduct. Use this Financial Guide to ensure you are handling your business travel, meal and auto costs in a tax-wise manner.
This Financial Guide shows you how to take advantage of all of the travel, meal and auto expenses you're legally entitled to and offers guidance on which expenses are deductible and what percentage of them you can deduct. It also discusses the importance of following IRS rules for keeping records and substantiating your expenses in order to avoid an audit.
From 2018 through 2025, employees who travel or incur meal or auto costs for business can't deduct such expenses on Form 1040, Schedule A. This is due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) suspension of miscellaneous itemized deductions subject to the 2% of adjusted gross income floor. Generally only businesses and the self-employed can deduct such costs.
If you're eligible, you generally can deduct two types of travel expenses related to your business:
1. Local transportation costs. Commuting expenses aren't deductible, but costs related to trips from your workplace to other locations, such as to visit a client or vendor, are deductible. Examples of such costs include public transportation, taxi, ride share or your own auto, as well as parking and tolls. For those whose main place of business is their personal residence, business trips from the home office and back are considered deductible transportation and not non-deductible commuting.
Please see the special section below for the most effective ways of deducting auto expenses.
2. Away-from-home travel expenses. You can only deduct one-half of the cost of meals (50 percent) in 2024. Lodging expenses incurred while traveling away from home are fully deductible. You also can deduct 100 percent of your transportation expenses as long as business is the primary reason for your trip.
The 100 percent deduction for the cost of business meals and beverages purchased from restaurants in 2021 and 2022 was not extended.
Here are some additional considerations as you assess the deductibility of your local transportation and away-from-home travel expenses:
To be deductible, travel expenses must be "ordinary and necessary," although "necessary" is liberally defined as "helpful and appropriate," not "indispensable." The deduction is also denied for that part of any travel expense that is "lavish or extravagant," though this rule does not bar deducting the cost of first-class travel or deluxe accommodations or (subject to percentage limitations below) deluxe meals.
What does "away from home" mean? To deduct the costs of lodging and meals (and incidentals, see below) you must generally stay somewhere overnight. In other words, you must be away from your regular place of business longer than an ordinary day's work and need to sleep or rest to meet the demands of your work while away from home. Otherwise, your costs are considered local transportation costs and the costs of lodging and meals are not deductible.
Where is your "home" for tax purposes? The general view is that your "home" for travel expense purposes is your place of business or your post of duty. It is not where your family lives (some courts have stated that it's the general area of your residence). Here is an example:
George's family lives in Boston and George's business is in Washington, DC. George spends the weekends in Boston and the weekdays in Washington, where he stays in a hotel and eats out. For tax purposes, George's "home" is in Washington, not Boston, therefore, he cannot deduct any of the following expenses: cost of traveling back and forth between Washington and Boston, cost of eating out in Washington, cost of staying in a hotel in Washington, or any costs incurred traveling between his hotel in Washington and his job in Washington (the latter are considered non-deductible commuting costs).
There are some rules in the tax law concerning where a taxpayer's "home" is for purposes of deducting travel expenses that are less clear, such as when a taxpayer works at a temporary site or works in two different places.
We'll cover these rules briefly in these two examples:
Example #1: Joe, who lives in Connecticut and is self-employed, works eight months out of the year in Connecticut (from which he usually earns about $100,000) and four months out of the year in Florida (from which he usually earns about $50,000). Joe's "tax home" for travel expense purposes is Connecticut. Therefore, the costs of traveling to and from the "lesser" place of employment (Florida), as well as meals and lodging costs incurred while working in Florida, are deductible.
Example #2: Susan is self-employed and works and lives in New York. Occasionally, she must travel to Maryland on temporary assignments, where she spends up to a week at a time. Assuming Susan's clients don't reimburse her for travel expenses, she can deduct the costs of meals and lodging while she's in Maryland, as well as the costs of traveling to and from Maryland. This holds true because her work assignments in Maryland are considered temporary since they will end within a foreseeable time. If an assignment is considered indefinite, that is, expected to last for more than a year, under the tax law, travel, meal, and lodging costs are not deductible.
Here's a list of some deductible away-from-home travel expenses:
However, many away-from-home travel expenses are not deductible or are restricted in some way. These include:
Travel as a form of education. Trips that are educational in a general way, or improve knowledge of a certain field but are not part of a taxpayer's job, are not deductible.
Seeking a new location. Travel costs (and other costs) incurred while you are looking for a new place for your business (or for a new business) must be capitalized and cannot be deducted currently.
Luxury water travel: If you travel using an ocean liner, a cruise ship, or some other type of "luxury" water transportation, the amount you can deduct is subject to a per-day limit.
Seeking foreign customers: The costs of traveling abroad to find foreign markets for existing products are not deductible.
Under the TCJA, there have been a number of changes to the rules for meal and entertainment expense deductions. The most notable is that entertainment expenses paid or incurred after December 31, 2017, are not deductible unless they fall under specific exceptions, for example, expenses incurred for social activities primarily for the benefit of your employees.
Dues paid to country clubs or social or golf and athletic clubs are also not deductible nor are dues that you pay to professional and civic organizations. Prior to 2018, these dues were deductible at 50 percent as long as your membership had a business purpose. Such organizations included business leagues, trade associations, chambers of commerce, boards of trade, and real estate boards.
Meals with clients, however, are still 50% deductible as long as they're "ordinary and necessary" and not "lavish or extravagant" and they’re directly related to or associated with your business.
Expenses are directly related if you can show:
Even if you can't show that the meal was "directly related" as discussed above, you can still deduct the expenses as long as you can prove the meal was "associated" with your business. To meet this test, the meal must directly precede or come after a substantial business discussion. Further, you must have had a clear business purpose when you took on the expense.
The person you dined with must be a business associate. That is, it must be someone who could reasonably be expected to be a customer or conduct business with you, including an employee or professional advisor.
Tax law requires you to keep records that will prove the business purpose and amounts of your business travel and meal expenses. To substantiate business travel and business meal expenses, you must prove:
The most frequent reason for IRS's disallowance of travel and meal expenses is the failure to show the place and business purpose of an item. Therefore, pay special attention to these aspects of your record-keeping.
Keeping a diary or logbook and recording your business-related activities at or close to the time the expense is incurred is one of the best ways to document your business expenses.
Here's how these rules apply to your record-keeping for travel expenses and business meals:
Away-from-home travel expenses. You must document the following for each trip:
Business meal expenses. You must prove the following for each claimed deduction for meal expenses:
Employees who are "fully reimbursed" by their employer for travel or business meal expenses must:
As long as you are covered by (and follow) an "accountable plan," and your reimbursements don't exceed your expenses, you won't have to report the reimbursements as gross income. Some per diem arrangements (by which you receive a flat amount per day) and mileage allowances can avoid detailed expense accounting to the employer, but proof of time, place, and business purpose is still required.
However, if your employer's reimbursement plan is not "accountable," you must report the reimbursements as income. Prior to 2018, you could deduct these expenses on your tax return as miscellaneous itemized deductions on Form 1040 Schedule A, subject to the two percent-of-adjusted-gross-income floor. As noted earlier, however, the TCJA eliminated miscellaneous deductions for tax years 2018 through 2025.
If you're eligible, you have two choices as to how to claim the deduction for business auto expenses:
You can deduct the actual business-related costs of gas, oil, lubrication, repairs, tires, supplies, parking, tolls, chauffeur salaries, and depreciation, or
You can use the standard mileage deduction, which is an inflation-adjusted amount that is multiplied by the number of business miles driven.
Parking fees and tolls may be deducted no matter which method you use.
The standard mileage rate produces a larger deduction for some business owners, while others fare better (tax-wise) by deducting actual expenses. Figuring your deduction using both methods tells you which method is better for you tax-wise. Here are some additional considerations:
Expensing and depreciating vehicle costs. Deduction options and amounts depend on the percentage used for business. Also, if the car is used more than 50 percent for business, it can be included as business property and qualify for Section 179 expensing in the year of purchase. The deduction is reduced proportionately to the extent the car is used for personal purposes. If you take this deduction, you can't use the actual mileage for that vehicle in any year.
Depreciation. Assuming the car cost more than the Section 179 limit, or Section 179 is not available or is not claimed, depreciation is allowed. Several depreciation options are available, but there are limits to the amount of depreciation that can be claimed per year. Depreciation otherwise allowable is reduced by the proportion of personal use. For example, a car used 20 percent for personal use is depreciated at 80 percent of the amount otherwise allowed.
Accelerated depreciation is defined as depreciation that is at a rate higher than normal that results from dividing the vehicle's cost by the number of years it will be used. It is not allowed where personal use is 50 percent or more. If you claimed accelerated depreciation in a prior year and your business use then falls to 50 percent or less, you become subject to "recapture" of the excess depreciation (i.e., it's included in income). Of course, using the standard mileage deduction described below allows you to avoid these limits.
Determining whether to use the standard mileage deduction. If you opt for the standard mileage rate, you simply multiply the applicable cents-per-mile rate by the number of business miles you drove. Be aware, however, that the standard mileage deduction may understate your costs. This is especially true for taxpayers who use the car 100 percent for business, or close to that percentage.
Once you choose the standard mileage rate, you cannot use accelerated depreciation even if you opt for the actual cost method in a later year. You may use only straight line.
The standard mileage method usually benefits taxpayers who have less expensive cars or who travel a large number of business miles. To determine which method is better for you, make the calculations each way during the first year you use the car for business.
You may use the standard mileage for leased cars if you use it for the entire lease period. Or, you can deduct actual expenses instead, including leasing costs.
Recordkeeping. Tax law requires that you keep travel expense records and that you give information on your return showing business versus personal use. Not only is keeping good records essential in case of an audit, but it also allows you to make the most of your auto deductions. For example, you won't be able to determine which of the two options is better if you don't know the number of miles driven and the total amount you spent on the car. If you use the actual cost method, you'll have to keep receipts as well. For many business owners, using a separate credit card for business simplifies your record-keeping.
Don't forget to deduct the interest you pay to finance a business-use car if you're self-employed.
This Content is for informational purposes only. Nothing contained herein constitutes accounting, tax, financial, investment, legal or other professional advice, and, accordingly, the author and the distributor assume no liability whatsoever in connection with its use. This Content is not an exhaustive explanation of any topic, practice or process. You should seek the advice of a licensed professional before making any accounting, tax, financial, investment or legal decision.
You have until the April 15 filing deadline for the tax year to make an IRA contribution for the tax year. If you don't have enough cash to make a deductible contribution to your IRA by April 15, here is how you can still take the tax deduction for that tax year. To get started, all you need is an existing IRA.
Begin by withdrawing an amount up to the tax year's contribution limit ($7,000 for 2024 and 2025) from your IRA. Once you have the money, immediately deposit it back into your IRA. If you do this by April 15, this counts as your deductible contribution for the tax year. (Be aware that in some situations, the contribution may not be fully deductible. But nondeductible contributions can still be beneficial.) You then have 60 days to "make up" the withdrawal (and avoid penalties and taxes). To do this, simply deposit a "rollback" equal to the amount you withdrew into the same IRA within 60 days and you will avoid taxes and penalties on the original distribution made to you.
This is a type of short-term loan from your IRA to make the tax year's contribution before the April 15 due date; however, you can only do this once in a 12-month period. If you don't replace the money within 60 days, you may owe income tax and, if you're under the age of 59 1/2, a 10 percent early withdrawal penalty.
As a self-employed small business owner, there are several retirement plan options available to you, but understanding which option is most advantageous to you can be confusing. The "best" option for you may depend on whether you have employees and how much you want to save each year.
There are four basic types of plans:
To make sure you are getting the most out of your financial future, contact the office to determine your eligibility and to figure out which plan is best for your tax situation.
Instead of paying for leasehold improvements at your place of business, you can ask your landlord to pay for them. In return, you offer to pay your landlord more in rent over the term of the lease. By financing your leasehold improvements this way, both you and your landlord can save money on taxes.
Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (i.e., tax reform), qualified leasehold improvement was superseded by qualified improvement property (QIP). Ordinarily, you must deduct the cost of qualified improvements made to your place of business over a 39-year period (similar to that of depreciating real estate); however, up to $1 million (indexed for inflation; $1.22 million for 2024 and $1.25 million for 2025) in qualified leasehold (as well as restaurant and retail) improvements can be expensed using the Section 179 deduction (subject to certain rules), thanks to tax reform legislation passed in late 2017. Improvements must be interior, that is, roof HVAC systems, façade work and other exterior improvements such as on the roof do not qualify.
Per the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), Qualified Improvements to Property placed in service after 2017 are allowed over a 15-year period (vs. 39 years). In most cases, post-2017 QIP retroactively qualifies for the bonus depreciation deduction as well.
The PATH Act changed the definition of qualified property from qualified leasehold improvements to qualified improvement property. The rules regarding qualified improvement property differ from those for qualified leasehold improvement property in that the improvement does not have to be made pursuant to a lease and does not have to be made to a building more than three years old. For tax years 2016 and 2017, the rules still apply for defining qualified leasehold improvements. In addition, the 15-year recovery period for leasehold, retail, and restaurant improvements was made permanent by the PATH Act as well.
Qualified leasehold improvements completed before 2008 were eligible for a special 15-year recovery period. If in the year your lease term ends you move to another location, you can deduct the portion of the improvement cost that you have not previously deducted. This normal scenario won't save you tax in the earlier years of the lease. Your landlord will have to put up the initial cash for the improvements, but you will cover that over time with increased payments in your rent. Since your landlord will be paying for the improvements, you will save tax early in the lease and your landlord will benefit as well!
At the same time, your landlord will gain depreciation deductions for the cost of the leasehold improvements. When you leave, your landlord will still have the improved property to offer other future tenants. It is a great opportunity for a win-win situation giving you faster access to invested monies.
If you host a company picnic or holiday party at your home, then the cost of meals at your home is a deductible expense and you can deduct 100% of your meal expenses. However, under tax reform, and starting in 2018, entertainment-related expenses are no longer deductible.
Prior to tax reform, 50 percent of your business-related entertainment expenses (with some exceptions) were generally deductible.
Don't overlook the deductible benefit of business gifts during the holidays or at any other time of the year. Whether you are a rank-and-file employee, a self-employed individual, or even a shareholder-employee in your own corporation, you can deduct the cost of gifts made to clients and other business associates as a business expense. The law limits your maximum deduction to $25 in value for each recipient for which the gift was purchased with cash.
Tax reform legislation passed in 2017 repealed certain itemized deductions on Schedule A, Itemized Deductions for tax years 2018 through 2025, including employee business expense deductions related to home office use. Prior to 2018, If you purchased a computer and used it for work-related purposes as an employee, you were able to deduct the cost as long as you met certain requirements such as your computer must be used for convenience and as a condition of your employment, for instance, or if you telecommute two days a week and work in the office the other three days.
If you are self-employed, you can take advantage of Section 179 expensing even if you don't claim the home office deduction. Section 179 allows you to write off new equipment (including computers) in the year it was purchased as long as it is used for business more than 50 percent of the time (subject to certain rules).
Prior to tax reform, i.e., for tax years before 2018, this expense was 100 percent deductible. Furthermore, per tax reform legislation, this expense is nondeductible after 2025. However, for tax years prior to 2018 the following was allowed:If you are in a partnership or a shareholder-employee in a regular C or S corporation, and you have to work overtime, your company can, on occasion, provide you with meal money for dinner. The cost of this "fringe benefit" is 50 percent deductible for your company under Section 132 of the Internal Revenue Code and you don't have to pay personal income tax on the value of the meal.
Your company can pay directly for the meal or can instead, provide you with dinner money. But, in order for this to work, the amount of money you receive for your meal must be reasonable. If the IRS decides that the amount of money you received from your employer was unreasonable, the entire amount will be considered taxable personal income and will not be deductible.
This Content is for informational purposes only. Nothing contained herein constitutes accounting, tax, financial, investment, legal or other professional advice, and, accordingly, the author and the distributor assume no liability whatsoever in connection with its use. This Content is not an exhaustive explanation of any topic, practice or process. You should seek the advice of a licensed professional before making any accounting, tax, financial, investment or legal decision.
